白洋淀流域水资源管理中的公众参与分析及评价

有效的公众参与是提高流域水资源管理效率和流域综合管理成功的关键因素. 选取白洋淀流域的典型城市模块(保定市)、乡村模块(涞水县)及水敏感区(安新县)进行研究,综合采用问卷调查、利益群体访谈和专家咨询等方法,对政府管理人员、流域居民的环境意识及水资源管理参与现状进行了分析评价,比较与评估了政府及相关利益群体的环境知识、环境满意度、信息流通渠道、参与意愿、实际参与度、政府行为及其公众认知度和接受度. 结果表明:公众参与水资源管理的现状是水敏感区的参与效果好于城镇模块,且城镇模块好于乡村模块;公众获取环境知识与环境信息的途径主要以亲身感受与媒体宣传的被动接受形式为主;参与途径不畅通,实际参与度低于有参与意愿的比例,参与意愿不确定性高;公众对于政府行为的认知度为41.3%,接受度仅为19%;管理者对于公众参与在水资源管理中作用的认识仍有待提高,参与活动以宣传教育为主,缺乏整体考虑及上下游沟通与设计,缺乏全过程参与,居民尚未形成共同认可的流域价值观. 建议加强全过程参与、环保民间团体的作用以及学校环境教育.      

天津塘沽海滨浴场沉积物中POPs的垂直分布

应用GC-MS对渤海湾潮间带天津塘沽海滨浴场沉积物中的多环芳烃、有机氯农药、多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚等持久性有机污染物的垂直分布进行了研究.4类污染物的污染水平依次为PAHs>OCPs>PCBs>PBDEs,其质量分数范围分别为113.1～1 040.0和7.6～118.1 ng/g,715.0～7 048.3和10.0～158.2 pg/g(以干质量计). 在0～50 cm深度,w(PAHs)相对较高且变化较大,50 cm以下深度,w(PAHs)逐渐降低且变化较小.在测定的16种PAHs中w(菲)最高,并随深度的增加而降低.污染源解析表明,PAHs的污染主要来自石油输入和煤、木炭等的燃烧. OCPs的垂直分布与PAHs类似,在定量的20种OCPs中,w(HCB)最高,其次是w(HCHs)和w(DDTs);研究表明HCHs和DDT没有新的输入. 在0～70 cm深度,w(PCBs)低且变化小,70～80 cm深度突增1个数量级. w(PBDEs)较w(PCBs)低1个数量级,在5～10 cm深度污染水平最高.      

广西刁江沿岸土壤As,Pb和Zn污染的分布规律差异

分析了刁江流域矿区尾砂和上、中、下游地区土壤剖面重金属的含量. 结果表明:刁江流域上、中、下游地区都不同程度受到As,Pb和Zn的污染. 上游(距污染源16 km)表层土壤中w(As),w(Pb)和w(Zn)与尾砂相当,分别高达2.4×104,5.6×103 和1.2×104 mg/kg,下游拉烈和百旺(分别距污染源154和192 km)2个采样点表层土壤中w(As),w(Pb)和w(Zn)的平均值分别是《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)三级标准的47.05,1.81和5.48倍. 表层土壤中w(As)和w(Pb)随采样点距污染源的距离增加呈幂函数下降,w(Zn)呈线性下降,表明Zn在流域内的迁移能力大于Pb和As. 土壤剖面中3种重金属的质量分数均随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势,在土壤剖面的迁移能力表现为Zn>Pb>As. 总体上看,刁江流域土壤污染与尾砂中重金属的形态及其迁移特征密切相关,尾砂的排放控制和治理应该是刁江流域污染整治的关键.      

规划环评中景观非生态功能影响评价实例

以景观概念作为融合自然与社会、科学与美学、理性与感性的结合点,研究了景观非生态功能的内涵及其评价技术理论框架,从景观功能中提炼出景观非生态功能概念,初步完成景观非生态功能评价指标体系的构建.评价技术体系设计突出环境影响评价中现状评价的客观性以及影响预测的科学性.以人感尺度下的评价对象——景观单元概念为创新点,该评价体系补充并完善了现有景观评价体系的技术链条,在保证评价精度的前提下,简化并规范了评价工作流程.该评价体系沿用现有环境影响评价所广泛采用的现状评价、影响源分析、影响预测评价及措施建议的技术思路,基本能满足现行技术规范的要求.以武汉市后官湖生态宜居新城规划环评为例,验证了该体系的可操作性,为我国规划环评在景观评价技术领域的发展提供理论和实践参考.      

危险废物焚烧设施二噁英类排放特征及周边土壤污染调查

调查了13座不同类型的危险废物焚烧设施及二噁英类排放模式及部分设施土壤的污染水平.结果表明,排放浓度同焚烧处理量没有显著的关系.4—6氯代PCDD/Fs和7—8氯代PCDD/Fs呈现出了不同的排放特征.4—6氯代PCDF/PCDD比值为60.58±1.98(95%置信区间),较通用的总PCDF/总PCDD比值更适于描述危险废物焚烧设施二噁英排放的特征.使用PCA及聚类分析方法将设施排放模式归类为3种模式.分布模式同焚烧设施炉型、处理量以及尾气处理方式等因素相关性并不显著.2,3,4,7,8PeCDF对I-TEQ的贡献为35%—45%,并与I-TEQ具有很高的相关性.厂区土壤中二噁英浓度水平约为8—14ngI-TEQ.kg-1,周边土壤浓度为1—4ngI-TEQ.kg-1左右,均处于较低水平,调查设施周边土壤的使用目前尚无明显风险.危险废物设施对周边土壤的环境风险需要进一步评估.     

胶束形态对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)增溶典型苯系物行为的影响

研究了30℃条件下,浓度为1.2×10-4mol·l-1—2.88×10-2mol·l-1的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)溶液的吸光度及相应浓度条件时对典型苯系物(苯、甲苯和乙苯)的增溶作用.利用表面活性剂的紫外吸收随浓度变化这一特性,从其不同的拐点处求得CTAB的第一、第二临界胶束浓度分别为7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1.在实验浓度范围内,CTAB溶液对苯、甲苯和乙苯的表观溶解度增溶曲线上同样得到两个拐点,即苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1,甲苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和7.2×10-3mol·l-1以及乙苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1,这与第一、第二临界胶束浓度相等或相近.由于溶液中CTAB胶束形态随浓度增加而变化,表明胶束形态对CTAB增溶苯系物的行为有显著影响。     

Effects of temperature variation on TSD in turtle (C. picta) populations

We formulate a two-sex model of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) for a freshwater turtle (C. picta) population. The aim is to understand how environmental temperature variations and nest heat conduction properties affect the long term dynamics of the population. This is a key to understanding how global temperature changes may affect their survival. With stochastic inputs of ambient temperature and solar radiation, the model uses the heat equation to determine the temperature in the egg layer in the nest; in turn, this determines the sex ratio in the egg clutch using a variable degree-day model. Finally, a nonlinear Leslie type, stage-based, two-sex model, is used to determine the long term male and female populations. A two-sex model is required because of different development rates for males and females. The model is flexible enough to enable other researchers to examine the effects of temperature variation variations on other species with TSD, e.g., crocodilians, reptilians, as well as other turtle species. It can be adapted to study effects of nest location, soil type, rain events, different incubation periods, and density effects, for example, the dependence of the mating function on the ratio of males to females and each’s contribution to the sex of hatchlings. Modifications can be easily made to fit a specific life history traits. The model is a beginning step in understanding the long term, high fitness shown by many reptile species with TSD, and it may suggest to experimentalists what data may be relevant to these issues; it can also be useful to wildlife managers in developing strategies for intervention if needed. Among the principal findings are that temperature variability and detailed nest heat conduction properties may buffer projected negative effects on a population.     

A heuristic approach to predicting water beetle diversity in temporary and fluctuating waters

An understanding of the causal mechanisms and processes that shape macroinvertebrate communities at a local scale has important implications for the management and conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Here we compare the performance of linear and non-linear statistics to explore diversity-environment relationships using data from 76 temporary and fluctuating ponds in two regions of southern England. We focus on aquatic beetle assemblages, which have been shown to be excellent surrogates of wider freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity. Ponds in the region contained a rich coleopteran fauna, totaling 68 species, which provided an excellent model system with which to compare the performance of two non-linear procedures (artificial neural networks—ANNs and generalised additive models—GAMs) and one more traditional linear approach (Multiple linear regression—MLR) to modelling diversity-environment relationships. Of all approaches employed, the best fit was obtained using an ANN model with only four input variables (conductivity, turbidity, magnesium concentration and depth). This model accounted for 82% of the observed variability in Shannon diversity index across ponds. In contrast, the best GAM and MLR models only explained 50% and 14% of this variation, respectively. Contribution profile analysis of conductivity, turbidity, magnesium concentration and depth, obtained from the best fit ANN through a hierarchical cluster analysis, allowed the identification of direct and proxy effects in relation to the environmental variables measured in this study. In each case, distinct clusters of ponds were identified in contribution profile analysis, suggesting that ponds across the two regions fall into a number of discrete groups, whose beetle faunas respond in subtly yet significantly different ways to key environmental variables. Aquatic coleopteran diversity in ponds in the two regions appears to be driven at a local scale by changes in relatively few physicochemical gradients, which are related to diversity in a clearly non-linear manner.     

Multiple structural modifications to dendritic ecological networks produce simple responses

Structural modifications to landscapes affect the ability of organisms to access different habitat patches. There exist, however, very few general methods by which to relate modifications to expectations of effects, and even fewer that enable understanding of how multiple modifications may interact. In the absence of any guiding principles, ecologists have assumed that interactions will result in complex landscape-scale effects. One way of understanding such effects is through rendering a landscape as a graph or network, among the simplest of which are dendritic networks typified by stream systems. Yet even for stream networks, there are no known general principles concerning the nature of interactions between multiple modifications. We developed a model to describe the ability of fish to access and use different habitat patches within dendritic networks. We used mathematical and numerical analyses of the model to investigate how the habitat value of a network is affected by changes in connectivity and habitat quality, and then to examine interactions between multiple modifications. Rather than showing complex interactions, our analytic and simulation-based results show that the combined effect of multiple modifications approximately equals the sum of individually predicted effects. Dendritic networks thus appear to respond far more simply to multiple modifications than has previously been assumed. These results have implications for stream management planning, and offer a firm foundation from which to better understand population processes within dendritic networks.     

Biogeochemical model (BGC-ES) and its basin-level application for evaluating ecosystem services under forest management practices

It is important for humans to live in harmony with ecosystems. Evaluation of ecosystem services (ES) may be helpful in achieving this objective. In Japan, forest ecosystems need to be re-evaluated to prevent their degradation due to lack of forest management.In order to evaluate the effects of forest management on forest ES, we developed a process-based biogeochemical model to estimate water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles in forest ecosystems (BGC-ES). This model consists of four submodels: biomass, water cycle, carbon-nitrogen (CN) cycles, and forest management. The biomass submodel can calculate growth of forest biomass under forest managements.Several parameters of the model were calibrated using data from observations of evapotranspiration flux and quality of stream flow in forests. The model results were compared with observations of runoff water from a dam catchment site and with carbon flux observations.Our model was coupled with a basin-level GIS database of forests. Evaluations under various forest management scenarios were carried out for forests in a basin contained in the Ise Bay basin (Chubu region, Japan), where plantations (artificial forests) seemed to have degraded from poor forest management.Comparing our simulation results with those of forests without management in the basin, we found that the amounts of absorbed carbon and runoff were larger in managed forests. In addition, the volume of harvested timber was larger and its quality (diameter) was better in managed forests. Changes of ES within the various scenarios were estimated for their economic value and were compared with the cost of forest management.